Types of infrastructure pdf

A glyph is a graphical shape and is subject to all graphical manipulations, such as coordinate transformation. Because of the importance of text in most page descriptions, PDF provides higher-level facilities to describe, select, and render glyphs conveniently and efficiently. The graphics operators used in PDF content streams describe the appearance of pages that are to be reproduced on a raster output device. The facilities are intended for both printer and display applications.

The graphics operators form six main groups:. Table of Contents Table of Content. File Body The body of a PDF file consists of a sequence of indirect objects representing the contents of a document.

Cross-Reference Table The cross-reference table contains information that permits random access to indirect objects within the file so that the entire file need not be read to locate any particular object. File Trailer The trailer of a PDF file enables a conforming reader to quickly find the cross-reference table and certain special objects.

Arrays of higher dimensions can be constructed by using arrays as nested elements Dictionaries - collection of objects as key-value pairs.

It can have zero entries. Text Text in PDF is represented by text elements which are actually displayed with glyphs from fonts. Graphics The graphics operators used in PDF content streams describe the appearance of pages that are to be reproduced on a raster output device. The graphics operators form six main groups: Graphics state operators manipulate the data structure called the graphics state, the global framework within which the other graphics operators execute.

The graphics state includes the current transformation matrix CTM , which maps user space coordinates used within a PDF content stream into output device coordinates. It also includes the current colour, the current clipping path, and many other parameters that are implicit operands of the painting operators.

Path construction operators specify paths, which define shapes, line trajectories, and regions of various sorts. They include operators for beginning a new path, adding line segments and curves to it, and closing it. Path-painting operators fill a path with a colour, paint a stroke along it, or use it as a clipping boundary.

Other painting operators paint certain self-describing graphics objects. These include sampled images, geometrically defined shadings, and entire content streams that in turn contain sequences of graphics operators. Text operators select and show character glyphs from fonts descriptions of typefaces for representing text characters.

Because PDF treats glyphs as general graphical shapes, many of the text operators could be grouped with the graphics state or painting operators.

However, the data structures and mechanisms for dealing with glyph and font descriptions are sufficiently specialized. Marked-content operators associate higher-level logical information with objects in the content stream.

This information does not affect the rendered appearance of the content; it is useful to applications that use PDF for document interchange. Without the information technology IT infrastructure, many businesses struggle to share and move data in a way that promotes efficiency within the workplace. If IT infrastructure fails, many business functions cannot be performed. Infrastructure is also an asset class that tends to be less volatile than equities over the long term and provides a higher yield.

As a result, some companies and individuals like to invest in infrastructure funds for their defensive characteristics, such as funds involved in transportation or water infrastructure. Sometimes private companies choose to invest in a country's infrastructure development as part of a business expansion effort. For example, an energy company may build pipelines and railways in a country where it wants to refine petroleum. This investment can benefit both the company and the country.

Cintra entered into a year lease with the City of Chicago in to operate and maintain the Chicago Skyway Bridge. Individuals may also choose to fund improvements to certain pieces of public infrastructure. For example, an individual may fund improvements to hospitals, schools, or local law enforcement efforts.

There are several different types of infrastructure. We've listed some of the most common categories below. Soft infrastructure makes up institutions that help maintain the economy. It usually requires human capital and helps deliver certain services to the population. Examples include the health care system, financial institutions , governmental systems, law enforcement, and education systems.

This kind of infrastructure makes up the physical systems that make it necessary to run a modern, industrialized nation. This type of infrastructure is comprised of assets that are defined by a government as being essential to the functioning of a society and economy , such as facilities for shelter and heating, telecommunication , public health, agriculture, etc. In the United States, there are agencies responsible for these critical infrastructures, such as Homeland Security, the Department of Energy, and the Department of Transportation.

Along with the aforementioned sectors , infrastructure includes waste disposal services, such as garbage pickup and local dumps. Certain administrative functions, which are often covered by various government agencies, are also considered part of the infrastructure. The White House. National Research Council. Real Estate Investing. Actively scan device characteristics for identification. Use precise geolocation data. Select personalised content. Create a personalised content profile.

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List of Partners vendors. Your Money. Personal Finance. Your Practice. Popular Courses. What Is Infrastructure? Key Takeaways Infrastructure are the basic systems that undergird the structure of the economy. Examples of infrastructure include transportation facilities, telecommunications networks, and water supplies.