He spent four months in hospital with pneumonia, septicaemia and dry gangrene which meant several fingertips, all his toes and part of his foot had to be amputated. Years later he still could not walk unaided despite several operations to repair skin that would not heal. Others were able to leave hospital after three weeks, but were left shockingly weak and vulnerable to deadly infections.
David, who signed up to the trial to help pay for his wedding, said: "My organs were back working, but I was like an year-old, my muscles were wasted away. The six victims still do not know what the long-term damage to their bodies will be and they face a lifetime of uncertainty after warnings they could be at higher risk of cancer and other illnesses. German drug manufacturer TeGenero went bust after the disastrous first human trial of its supposed wonder cure TGN An investigation by the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency two months after the trial found there was no provision for hour medical care.
Researchers had also not properly considered the safe dose for humans before giving it to the volunteers, and the drug was administered ten times more quickly into their bloodstream than it had been in monkeys. Two years ago it was revealed TGN was making an astonishing comeback as a potential treatment for arthritis. The point of the experiment was simply to understand the effects of addiction and drug use; a point which, most rational and ethical people would know did not require such horrendous treatment of animals.
In other words, whether a monkey would become addicted to drugs and as a result self- administer itself in order to maintain the drug abuse. As this kind of experiment cannot be done on humans, the only option for the researchers was to use monkeys. However, it is important to realize that, animals and humans are different and therefore findings on non-humans should be observed with caution when suggesting a similar trait can be found in humans.
In some cases, there can be many differences between animal behaviour and human behaviour, therefore results for one another cannot be generalized. A classic example of this is the study looking at the effects of the drug thalidomide on morning sickness for pregnant women Developmental Psychology, The study had tested the drug on rats and found there were no side effects caused from the drug and that the drug was effective in treating morning sickness.
This drug was given to pregnant women, which alleviated the symptoms of nausea. The monkey trials were also highly unethical as the test subjects suffered pain, withdrawal symptoms and in some cases died from an overdose. The Helsinki declaration was founded in and from there has been regularly updated on the principles of good practice. It first stated that, the welfare of a i als used for resear h ust e respe ted. This was the start of ethi al guidance for non-human subjects.
From here the American Psychological Association Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct added more guidance on the way animals should be treated and gave strict instructions for the grounds of when an experiment on animals is acceptable. For example, animal research should not harm the animal or distress it on any way. Three-time presidential nominee William Jennings Bryan volunteered to present for the prosecution.
The politician was already well-known as an anti-evolution activist, almost single-handedly creating the national controversy over the teaching of evolution and making his name inseparable from the issue. Author H. Wells was approached early on to present the case for evolution, but he turned down the offer. Clarence Darrow — a famous attorney who had recently acted for the defense in the notorious Leopold and Loeb murder trial — found out about the Scopes trial through journalist H.
Mencken , who suggested Darrow should defend Scopes. Darrow and Bryan already had a history of butting heads over evolution and the concept of taking the Bible literally, sparring in the press and public debates. It was the only time in his career he offered to give free legal aid. Bryan and Darrow set the tone by immediately attacking each other in the press. The ACLU attempted to remove Darrow from the case, fearing they would lose control, but none of these efforts worked. The grand jury met on May 9, In preparation, Scopes recruited and coached students to testify against him.
Three of the seven students attending were called to testify, each showing a sketchy understanding of evolution. The case was pushed forward and a trial set for July Bryan arrived in Dayton three days before the trial, stepping off a train to the spectacle of half the town greeting him. He posed for photo opportunities and gave two public speeches, stating his intention to not only defend the anti-evolution law but to use the trial to debunk evolution entirely. The trial day started with crowds pouring into the courthouse two hours before it was scheduled to begin, filling up the room and causing onlookers to spill into the hallways.
There was applause when Bryan entered the court and further when he and Darrow shook hands. The trial began — somewhat ironically — with a lengthy prayer. Outside the courthouse a circus-like atmosphere reigned, with barbecues, concessions and carnival games, though that died down as the trial was adjourned for the weekend, over which Bryan and Darrow sparred through the press and tensions mounted.
It was to a packed courthouse on Monday that arguments began by the defense working to establish the scientific validity of evolution, while the prosecution focused on the Butler Act as an education standard for Tennessee citizens, citing precedents. The statement Darrow made is considered an example of his best passionate public speaking. He spoke for over two hours. The trial itself began on Wednesday with opening statements. The next day, Raulston ordered the trial moved to the courthouse lawn, fearing that the weight of the crowd inside was in danger of collapsing the floor.
In front of several thousand spectators in the open air, Darrow changed his tactics and as his sole witness called Bryan in an attempt to discredit his literal interpretation of the Bible. In a searching examination, Bryan was subjected to severe ridicule and forced to make ignorant and contradictory statements to the amusement of the crowd.
On July 21, in his closing speech, Darrow asked the jury to return a verdict of guilty in order that the case might be appealed. Under Tennessee law, Bryan was thereby denied the opportunity to deliver the closing speech he had been preparing for weeks. Although Bryan had won the case, he had been publicly humiliated and his fundamentalist beliefs had been disgraced. Five days later, on July 26, he lay down for a Sunday afternoon nap and never woke up. In , the Tennessee Supreme Court overturned the Monkey Trial verdict on a technicality but left the constitutional issues unresolved until , when the U.
Supreme Court overturned a similar Arkansas law on the grounds that it violated the First Amendment.
0コメント