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Desktop Google Chrome Windows 8. Plugin W. Media Player Winamp. Food and Drug Administration for use in children years old living in areas where dengue is common and with a confirmed history of virus infection, according to the CDC. In some countries, an approved vaccine is available for those years old, but again, recipients must have contracted a confirmed case of dengue in the past.
Those who have not caught the virus before could be put at risk of developing severe dengue if given the vaccine. Two vaccines are now available to protect children from rotavirus, the leading cause of severe diarrheal illness among babies and young children. The virus can spread rapidly, through what researchers call the fecal-oral route meaning that small particles of feces end up being consumed.
Although children in the developed world rarely die from rotavirus infection , the disease is a killer in the developing world, where rehydration treatments are not widely available.
The WHO estimates that worldwide, there are more than 25 million outpatient visits and two million hospitalizations each year due to rotavirus infections. Countries that have introduced the vaccine have reported sharp declines in rotavirus hospitalizations and deaths. The virus likely emerged in bats initially, then hopped into nocturnal mammals called civets before finally infecting humans, according to the Journal of Virology.
After triggering an outbreak in China, SARS spread to 26 countries around the world, infecting more than people and killing more than over the course of several months, according to History. The disease causes fever, chills and body aches, and often progresses to pneumonia, a severe condition in which the lungs become inflamed and fill with pus.
SARS has an estimated mortality rate of 9. The virus may have originated in bats and passed through an intermediate animal before infecting people, according to Nature. The initial outbreak prompted an extensive quarantine of Wuhan and nearby cities, restrictions on travel to and from affected countries and a worldwide effort to develop diagnostics, treatments and vaccines.
Since its appearance, the virus has caused over five million deaths worldwide, according to Reuters. Common symptoms include fever, cough, loss of taste or smell and shortness of breath and more serious symptoms include breathing difficulties, chest pain and loss of mobility.
On Aug. In December , this vaccine became the first to be approved after a large clinical trial, according to Nature. According to WHO , the disease infected camels before passing into humans and can trigger a fever, coughing and shortness of breath in infected people.
There is no vaccine available to prevent this disease, according to the NHS. The best way to reduce the chances of infection is to wash hands regularly, avoid contact with camels and not consume products containing raw animal milk.
Live Science. See all comments Don't said:. Meh said:. Comment on rabies fatality rate. Although all warm-blooded animals are thought to be susceptible to rabies, there are strains of the rabies virus multiple bat stains strains are maintained in particular reservoir host s , with some cross over especially in the US between raccoons and skunks.
Although a strain can cause rabies in other species, the virus usually dies out during serial passage in species to which it is not adapted, and non-carnivores cows, horses, deer, groundhogs, beavers AND CATS, like small rodents, are dead-end hosts.
The CDC estimates in the US, 1 million dollars per potential life saved is spent by post-exposure prophylaxis in cases of exposure to animals other than bats, canines, fox, raccoon, skunks.
Hundreds of unvaccinated cats are infected with, and die or are euthanized of rabies each year -no way every human exposure to "the kitten in the park " is tracked down. Certainly, many farmers and ranchers are unknowingly exposed. Yet almost all of the people diagnosed in the US yearly, knew they were bitten by a dog when outside the US or handled a bat.
And there have been several incidences since , where people got rabies secondary to solid organ transplants. Species vary in susceptibility to various strains, humans are 'most' susceptible to canine rabies and, in the US, the silver-haired bat strain.
This is a solitary bat with infrequent human interaction, whereas we have much more exposure to big and little brown bats and Mexican free-tailed bats. Only a small percentage of any of these have rabies, -it kills them too! The virus needs to get to a nerve, so if a bite is not deep enough, or a small viral load is deposited, or the 'victim' immune system responds - an infection will never be established.
If the virus is able to get to a nerve, it attempts to travel up an axon, to the brain- again, the immune system may eliminate. As rabies is a slow virus, it can self -immunize, explaining the presence of rabies neutralizing antibodies in Amazonian Indians and others who have never been vaccinated? The reason why a mature dog is considered immunized 28 days after its first rabies vaccination, is if it has been exposed or is 'incubating' rabies virus but the virus is more than 28 days away the vaccine will prevent infection.
Although antiglobulin is given, PEP - a killed vaccine, is basically, rapid immunization. Since definitive diagnosis is made on brain biopsy, the apparent spontaneous cures or response to treatment remain unproven.
Not to diminish the threat or the misery of this disease. I don't understand why the WHO estimate of deaths has been quoted as 35, to 55, for the last 40 years - while the world population went from approximately 4 billion to 8 billion, mostly in Africa and Asia where few dogs are vaccinated and most cases are seen.
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